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The following is derived from the initial Fox Creek Park Wetland Assessment document developed in Oct 2022 for USCOE to formally delineate wetlands on the property.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
One area-based jurisdictional wetland and two jurisdictional streams occur within the property (Figure 2). The wetland comprises ~0.41 acres (~17% of property acreage). Four stream sections comprising ~415 linear feet occur onsite. Only “normal” wetland conditions exist onsite. No difficult wetland situations exist.
Wetlands are forested and dominated by native wetland Obligate (OBL) and Facultative Wetland (FACW) plants. The wetland zone is naturally occurring and is dominated by native plants, and hydric soils, and it may be relict and bordering or consisting of historical pond shallows after impoundment.
StreamStreams segments are described below and illustrated in Figure 3. Water sample locations (WS-01 to 03), unrelated to wetland delineation are also depicted in Figure 3.
1) Primary Fox Creek tributary (~190 linear ft); defines the western park boundary.
2) Springhouse tributary (~40 linear ft); contains a former headwater spring or seepage that was modified into a springhouse historically, and which intersects Fox Creek in the northwestern region.
3) Secondary (unnamed) tributary (~164 linear ft); defines much of the eastern boundary and bounds the eastern wetland edge, with headwaters in the northeastern park corner. It intersects Fox Creek at the dam and southern boundary.
4) Northeastern tributary (~30 linear feet); intersects the secondary tributary from the northern boundary where its headwaters are covered by fill on the adjacent private lot.
The former lake-bed is filled with sediment from a combination of stream sedimentation and colluvium, flood-based and/or fill material placement following pond abandonment and thus wetland conditions do not exist in this park region.
No federal Threatened and Endangered (T&E) species were observed.
WETLAND DESCRIPTIONS
Typical area-based small wetlands comprise the central-eastern region, while impaired streams comprise most of the eastern and western property boundaries as low gradient, small-cobble, small streams draining north to south. Boggy, hydric soil conditions comprise much of the forested wetland along the stream interface. Sphagnum moss, indicative of true bog conditions, was not observed. Streams onsite are typical of developed, residential areas in the region.
These two wetland cover types are based on Wetland Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data (WSFGD, 2013)classification criteria and USACE (2012).
Wetlands consist only of forested wetland and perennial streams per NWI cover types. Vegetation Indicator species in all strata are entirely Obligate (OBL; requiring wetland conditions) and Facultative Wetland (FACW; wetlands and moist areas) plant species, with just a few FAC (facultative) species with dominant indicator species clearly suggestive of wetlands in tandem with wetland soils and hydrology.
Forested Wetland (i.e., Swamp Forest)
Hydrological Indicators: Though open water was not observed, the water table was high and saturated, sitting within 5-6 inches of the soil surface at time of assessment. Mucky conditions dominate, particularly adjacent to the stream channel region and less so near the perimeters. Other hydrological indicators included water-stained leaves, true aquatic plants, and drift / sediment deposits.
The morphology of the Fox Creek Park floodplain influences current area-based wetlands, forcing water to accumulate in low-lying toe-slope areas bunkered on the eastern boundary, and it is likely that most of the lowest elevations of the property included this original wetland community prior to lake development.
Vegetation: 23 of 27 plant species detected are OBL and FACW species with most wetland species being common or dominant throughout (11 OBL and 16 FACW species; See Table 1 below). The canopy is tall and mature, comprised of Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). River Birch (Betula nigra), Black Willow (Salix nigra)and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) are scattered. One large diameter stem of the rare Shingle Oak (Quercus imbricaria) occurs adjacent to the modified seep. All trees demonstrate characteristic prop roots due to high water tables, shallow topsoil, and hydric soils. Understory trees and shrubs are Black Alder (Alnus serrulatus), Winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), Arrowwood (Viburnum recognita), Doghobble (Leucothoe fontansiana), and Spicebush (Lindera benzoin).
Herbs are lush and dense with numerous wetland obligate species though Sedge species tend to dominate. Typical plants are Fringed / Nodding / Sallow Sedges (Carex crinita / gynandra / lurida), Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica), Wood Reed (Cinna arundinaceum), Purple-stem Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), Cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior), Tearthumb (Persicaria sagittata), Three-way Grass (Dulichium arundinaceum), Mannagrass (Glyceria melicaria), Marchflower (Packera aureus), and Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum).
Soils: Wetland soils occur throughout the entire soil column including 10YR 2/1 and 4/1 color soils from 0-12 inches and 12-20+ inches, respectively. Throughout, coated sand grains (10YR 7/4, very pale brown), with 50% 10YR 3/2 very dark brown grayish mottles. Iron concretions are present throughout. Sandy mucky mineral (S1) and dark surface (S7) seen throughout. Duff was not present and organic soils comprise the surface. Oxidized rhizospheres are seen throughout.
According to NRCS (2018) data for the Fox Creek Park floodplain only one soil series occurs onsite: Tate loam, basin, 2 to 8 percent slopes. This soil series is common in small-stream alluvial floodplains and terraces in western NC. While it is not a hydric soil series, the 0.41-acre wetland onsite is likely too small or was previously considered part of the pond to have been included in previous NRCS soil mapping. However, the wetland soil profile is natural rather than anthropogenic or altered, comprising soil structure, color, reduced oxygen, and other hydric soil requirements as required by USCOE.
Perennial Streams
Approximately 415 linear feet of perennial streams occur in four sections.
Stream conditions are a mixture of fair to poor conditions, and all are low gradient, gently flowing channels largely hemmed in by deeply and artificially incised embankments formed after pond-abandonment by stormwater events in the channel. Embankment and substrate structure and integrity, sinuosity, hydrology, sedimentation, and vegetation cover are poor to absent on the main channel and fair to good on the tributaries. Steep eroding embankments need stabilization along the primary channel though most wetland herbs onsite can be found in and along stream edges in patches.
Stream substrates consist of mud, sediment, small-cobbles and rock, and extensive sedimentation dominate the primary stream channel, reducing its quality. Streambanks, which have been (and appear to be continuously) incised downward via stream-flow cutting through pond fill provide ongoing sediment to the primary stream channel, though secondary stream tributaries are mostly vegetated and intact. The springhouse tributary, headed by a modified seep, is in fair condition having been historically converted from a floodplain seepage to a springhouse. Its confluence at the primary stream channel is damaged and partly buried from having been smothered with flood-deposited or historic fill material.
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES REVIEW
NCNHP statewide and county EO data (2022) for Buncombe County and a 3-mile radius of the property were reviewed to determine potential T&E wetland species that might occur in wetlands onsite. Among 18 federal T&E species known in the county, two Endangered wildlife species – Rusty Patch Bumblebee (BombusBombas affinis) and Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens) – have historical records (>20 years) within 3 miles of the park. Neither have suitable habitat breeding habitat in wetlands onsite.
Three T&E wetland plants – Bunched Arrowhead (Sagittaria fasciculata), Mountain Sweet Pitcherplant (Sarracenia jonesii), and Virginia Spiraea (Spiraea virginiana) – are known from Buncombe County. These species do not occur onsite. While the Arrowhead has marginal habitat onsite, the Pitcherplant and Spiraea do not have suitable habitat to colonize the site.
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